diff --git a/lib/ash/actions/create.ex b/lib/ash/actions/create.ex
index 54c9423a..35bd2ecc 100644
--- a/lib/ash/actions/create.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/actions/create.ex
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ defmodule Ash.Actions.Create do
     if params[:authorization] do
       auth_request =
         Ash.Authorization.Request.new(
+          state_key: :data,
           resource: resource,
           authorization_steps: action.authorization_steps,
           changeset: changeset,
           source: "create request"
         )
 
-      Authorizer.authorize(user, %{}, [auth_request])
+      Authorizer.authorize(user, [auth_request])
     else
       :authorized
     end
diff --git a/lib/ash/actions/destroy.ex b/lib/ash/actions/destroy.ex
index ea1bfaf1..a0256a7a 100644
--- a/lib/ash/actions/destroy.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/actions/destroy.ex
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ defmodule Ash.Actions.Destroy do
           source: "destroy request"
         )
 
-      Authorizer.authorize(user, %{}, [auth_request])
+      Authorizer.authorize(user, [auth_request])
     else
       :authorized
     end
diff --git a/lib/ash/actions/read.ex b/lib/ash/actions/read.ex
index 4bdf4d64..5fae95f1 100644
--- a/lib/ash/actions/read.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/actions/read.ex
@@ -14,15 +14,21 @@ defmodule Ash.Actions.Read do
     with %Ash.Filter{errors: [], authorizations: filter_auths} = filter <-
            Ash.Filter.parse(resource, filter),
          {:ok, side_load_auths} <- SideLoad.process(resource, side_loads, filter),
-         {:ok, auth_callback} <- do_authorize(params, side_load_auths ++ filter_auths),
          query <- Ash.DataLayer.resource_to_query(resource),
          {:ok, sort} <- Ash.Actions.Sort.process(resource, sort),
          {:ok, sorted_query} <- Ash.DataLayer.sort(query, sort, resource),
          {:ok, filtered_query} <- Ash.DataLayer.filter(sorted_query, filter, resource),
          {:ok, paginator} <-
            Ash.Actions.Paginator.paginate(api, resource, action, filtered_query, page_params),
-         {:ok, found} <- Ash.DataLayer.run_query(paginator.query, resource),
-         :ok <- auth_callback.(found),
+         {:ok, %{data: found}} <-
+           do_authorized(
+             paginator.query,
+             params,
+             filter,
+             resource,
+             action,
+             side_load_auths ++ filter_auths
+           ),
          paginator <- %{paginator | results: found} do
       # TODO: side loading is a read only, filter based operation, and as such should be covered
       # by the strict checks. Figure out if that is true for sure.
@@ -33,19 +39,34 @@ defmodule Ash.Actions.Read do
     end
   end
 
-  defp do_authorize(params, auths) do
+  defp do_authorized(query, params, filter, resource, action, auths) do
     if params[:authorization] do
-      strict_access =
+      filter_authorization_request =
+        Ash.Authorization.Request.new(
+          resource: resource,
+          authorization_steps: action.authorization_steps,
+          filter: filter,
+          action_type: action.type,
+          fetcher: fn -> Ash.DataLayer.run_query(query, resource) end,
+          state_key: :data,
+          relationship: [],
+          source: "#{action.type} - `#{action.name}`"
+        )
+
+      strict_access? =
         case Keyword.fetch(params[:authorization], :strict_access?) do
           {:ok, value} -> value
           :error -> true
         end
 
-      auths = Enum.map(auths, fn auth -> %{auth | strict_access?: strict_access} end)
-
-      Authorizer.authorize(params[:authorization][:user], %{}, auths)
+      Authorizer.authorize(params[:authorization][:user], [filter_authorization_request | auths],
+        strict_access?: strict_access?
+      )
     else
-      {:ok, fn _ -> :ok end}
+      case Ash.DataLayer.run_query(query, resource) do
+        {:ok, found} -> {:ok, %{data: found}}
+        {:error, error} -> {:error, error}
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/ash/actions/update.ex b/lib/ash/actions/update.ex
index 4e782a7d..f85054eb 100644
--- a/lib/ash/actions/update.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/actions/update.ex
@@ -36,13 +36,14 @@ defmodule Ash.Actions.Update do
     if params[:authorization] do
       auth_request =
         Ash.Authorization.Request.new(
+          state_key: :data,
           resource: resource,
           authorization_steps: action.authorization_steps,
           changeset: changeset,
           source: "update action"
         )
 
-      Authorizer.authorize(user, %{}, [auth_request])
+      Authorizer.authorize(user, [auth_request])
     else
       :authorized
     end
diff --git a/lib/ash/authorization/authorizer.ex b/lib/ash/authorization/authorizer.ex
index 0b583dbd..7a9d068c 100644
--- a/lib/ash/authorization/authorizer.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/authorization/authorizer.ex
@@ -16,39 +16,38 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Authorizer do
   @type result :: :authorized | :forbidden
 
   alias Ash.Authorization.SatSolver
+  alias Ash.Authorization.Request
 
-  # TODO: remove _context
-  def authorize(user, _context, requests) do
-    requests_by_relationship = requests_by_relationship(requests)
+  def authorize(user, requests, opts \\ []) do
+    strict_access? = Keyword.get(opts, :strict_access?, true)
 
-    authorization_steps = authorization_steps_with_relationship_path(requests_by_relationship)
-
-    if Enum.any?(authorization_steps, &Enum.empty?/1) do
+    if Enum.any?(requests, fn request -> Enum.empty?(request.authorization_steps) end) do
       {:error, Ash.Error.Forbidden.exception(no_steps_configured?: true)}
     else
-      facts = strict_check_facts(user, requests)
+      facts = strict_check_facts(user, requests, strict_access?)
 
-      solve(authorization_steps, facts, facts, %{user: user})
+      solve(requests, user, facts, facts, %{user: user}, strict_access?)
     end
   end
 
-  defp solve(authorization_steps, facts, strict_check_facts, state) do
-    case sat_solver(authorization_steps, facts, [], state) do
+  defp solve(requests, user, facts, strict_check_facts, state, strict_access?) do
+    case sat_solver(requests, facts, [], state) do
       {:error, :unsatisfiable} ->
         {:error,
          Ash.Error.Forbidden.exception(
-           authorization_steps: authorization_steps,
+           requests: requests,
            facts: facts,
            strict_check_facts: strict_check_facts,
+           strict_access?: strict_access?,
            state: state
          )}
 
       {:ok, scenario} ->
-        authorization_steps
+        requests
         |> get_all_scenarios(scenario, facts, state)
         |> Enum.uniq()
         |> remove_irrelevant_clauses()
-        |> verify_scenarios(authorization_steps, facts, strict_check_facts, state)
+        |> verify_scenarios(user, requests, facts, strict_check_facts, state, strict_access?)
     end
   end
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Authorizer do
   end
 
   defp get_all_scenarios(
-         authorization_steps,
+         requests,
          scenario,
          facts,
          state,
@@ -111,14 +110,14 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Authorizer do
         negations_assuming_scenario_false = [scenario | negations]
 
         case sat_solver(
-               authorization_steps,
+               requests,
                facts,
                negations_assuming_scenario_false,
                state
              ) do
           {:ok, scenario_after_negation} ->
             get_all_scenarios(
-              authorization_steps,
+              requests,
               scenario_after_negation,
               facts,
               state,
@@ -132,76 +131,78 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Authorizer do
     end
   end
 
-  defp sat_solver(authorization_steps, facts, negations, state) do
+  defp sat_solver(requests, facts, negations, state) do
     case state do
       %{data: [%resource{} | _] = data} ->
         # TODO: Needs primary key
         pkey = Ash.primary_key(resource)
 
         ids = Enum.map(data, &Map.take(&1, pkey))
-        SatSolver.solve(authorization_steps, facts, negations, ids)
+        SatSolver.solve(requests, facts, negations, ids)
 
       _ ->
-        SatSolver.solve(authorization_steps, facts, negations, nil)
+        SatSolver.solve(requests, facts, negations, nil)
     end
   end
 
   defp verify_scenarios(
          scenarios,
-         authorization_steps,
+         user,
+         requests,
          facts,
          strict_check_facts,
-         state
+         state,
+         strict_access?
        ) do
     if any_scenarios_reality?(scenarios, facts) do
-      if Map.has_key?(state, :data) do
-        :ok
-      else
-        {:ok, fn _ -> :ok end}
-      end
+      fetch_must_fetch(requests, state)
     else
-      if Map.has_key?(state, :data) do
-        case fetch_facts(scenarios, facts, state) do
-          :all_scenarios_known ->
-            {:error,
-             Ash.Error.Forbidden.exception(
-               scenarios: scenarios,
-               authorization_steps: authorization_steps,
-               facts: facts,
-               strict_check_facts: strict_check_facts,
-               state: state
-             )}
-
-          {:error, error} ->
-            {:error, error}
-
-          {:ok, new_facts, state} ->
-            solve(authorization_steps, new_facts, strict_check_facts, state)
-        end
-      else
-        callback = fn data ->
-          data = List.wrap(data)
-
-          if data == [] do
-            {:ok, fn _ -> :ok end}
-          else
-            verify_scenarios(
-              scenarios,
-              authorization_steps,
-              facts,
-              strict_check_facts,
-              Map.put(state, :data, List.wrap(data))
+      case Ash.Authorization.Checker.run_checks(
+             scenarios,
+             user,
+             requests,
+             facts,
+             state,
+             strict_access?
+           ) do
+        :all_scenarios_known ->
+          error =
+            Ash.Error.Forbidden.exception(
+              scenarios: scenarios,
+              requests: requests,
+              facts: facts,
+              strict_check_facts: strict_check_facts,
+              state: state,
+              strict_access?: strict_access?
             )
-          end
-        end
 
-        {:ok, callback}
+          {:error, error}
+
+        {:error, error} ->
+          {:error, error}
+
+        {:ok, new_facts, state} ->
+          solve(requests, user, new_facts, strict_check_facts, state, strict_access?)
       end
     end
   end
 
-  defp fetch_facts(scenarios, facts, state) do
-    Ash.Authorization.Checker.run_checks(scenarios, facts, state)
+  defp fetch_must_fetch(requests, state) do
+    Enum.reduce_while(requests, {:ok, state}, fn request, {:ok, state} ->
+      case Request.fetch_request_state(state, request) do
+        {:ok, _state} ->
+          {:cont, {:ok, state}}
+
+        :error ->
+          case request.fetcher.() do
+            {:ok, value} ->
+              {:cont, {:ok, Request.put_request_state(state, request, value)}}
+
+            {:error, error} ->
+              {:halt, {:error, error}}
+          end
+      end
+    end)
   end
 
   defp any_scenarios_reality?(scenarios, facts) do
@@ -233,23 +234,9 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Authorizer do
     end)
   end
 
-  defp strict_check_facts(user, requests) do
+  defp strict_check_facts(user, requests, strict_access?) do
     Enum.reduce(requests, %{true: true, false: false}, fn request, facts ->
-      Ash.Authorization.Checker.strict_check(user, request, facts)
+      Ash.Authorization.Checker.strict_check(user, request, facts, strict_access?)
     end)
   end
-
-  defp authorization_steps_with_relationship_path(requests_by_relationship) do
-    Enum.flat_map(requests_by_relationship, fn {path, requests} ->
-      Enum.map(requests, fn request ->
-        Enum.map(request.authorization_steps, fn {step, fact} ->
-          {step, Ash.Authorization.Clause.new(path, request.resource, fact)}
-        end)
-      end)
-    end)
-  end
-
-  defp requests_by_relationship(requests) do
-    Enum.group_by(requests, &Map.get(&1, :relationship))
-  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/ash/authorization/check/check.ex b/lib/ash/authorization/check/check.ex
index 22f6fd27..2c99ba1f 100644
--- a/lib/ash/authorization/check/check.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/authorization/check/check.ex
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Check do
 
   @callback prepare(options) ::
               list(Ash.Authorization.prepare_instruction()) | {:error, Ash.error()}
-  @callback check(Ash.user(), list(Ash.record()), term, options) ::
-              {:ok, list(Ash.record())} | {:error, Ash.error()}
+  @callback check(Ash.user(), list(Ash.record()), map, options) ::
+              {:ok, list(Ash.record()) | boolean} | {:error, Ash.error()}
   @callback describe(options()) :: String.t()
 
   @optional_callbacks check: 4, prepare: 1
diff --git a/lib/ash/authorization/check/related_to_user_via.ex b/lib/ash/authorization/check/related_to_user_via.ex
index b6400afa..59977a91 100644
--- a/lib/ash/authorization/check/related_to_user_via.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/authorization/check/related_to_user_via.ex
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 defmodule Ash.Authorization.Check.RelatedToUserVia do
   use Ash.Authorization.Check
 
-  def related_to_user_via(relationship) do
-    {__MODULE__, relationship: List.wrap(relationship)}
+  defmacro related_to_user_via(relationship) do
+    quote do
+      {unquote(__MODULE__), relationship: List.wrap(unquote(relationship)), source: __MODULE__}
+    end
   end
 
   @impl true
   def describe(opts) do
-    "#{Enum.join(opts[:relationship], ".")} is the user"
+    description = describe_relationship(opts[:source], opts[:relationship])
+
+    description <> "this_record is the user"
   end
 
   @impl true
@@ -51,6 +55,28 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Check.RelatedToUserVia do
     {:ok, matches}
   end
 
+  defp describe_relationship(resource, relationships) do
+    reversed_relationships =
+      relationships
+      |> Enum.reduce({resource, []}, fn relationship_name, {resource, acc} ->
+        relationship = Ash.relationship(resource, relationship_name)
+        {relationship.destination, [relationship | acc]}
+      end)
+      |> elem(1)
+
+    do_describe_relationship(reversed_relationships)
+  end
+
+  defp do_describe_relationship([]), do: ""
+
+  defp do_describe_relationship([%{name: name, cardinality: :many} | rest]) do
+    "one of the #{name} of " <> do_describe_relationship(rest)
+  end
+
+  defp do_describe_relationship([%{name: name, cardinality: :one} | rest]) do
+    "the #{name} of " <> do_describe_relationship(rest)
+  end
+
   defp get_related(record, []), do: record
 
   defp get_related(record, [relationship | rest]) do
diff --git a/lib/ash/authorization/checker.ex b/lib/ash/authorization/checker.ex
index c29596cc..c181862e 100644
--- a/lib/ash/authorization/checker.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/authorization/checker.ex
@@ -1,159 +1,236 @@
 defmodule Ash.Authorization.Checker do
   alias Ash.Authorization.Clause
+  alias Ash.Authorization.Request
 
-  def strict_check(user, request, facts) do
+  def strict_check(user, request, facts, strict_access?) do
     request.authorization_steps
-    |> Enum.reduce(facts, fn {_step, condition}, facts ->
-      case Map.fetch(facts, {request.relationship, condition}) do
+    |> Enum.reduce(facts, fn {_step, clause}, facts ->
+      case Map.fetch(facts, {request.relationship, clause}) do
         {:ok, _boolean_result} ->
           facts
 
         :error ->
-          case do_strict_check(condition, user, request) do
+          case do_strict_check(clause, user, request, strict_access?) do
             :unknown ->
               facts
 
             :unknowable ->
-              Clause.put_new_fact(
-                facts,
-                request.relationship,
-                request.resource,
-                condition,
-                :unknowable
-              )
+              Map.put(facts, clause, :unknowable)
 
             boolean ->
-              Clause.put_new_fact(
-                facts,
-                request.relationship,
-                request.resource,
-                condition,
-                boolean
-              )
+              Map.put(facts, clause, boolean)
           end
       end
     end)
   end
 
-  # TODO: Work on this. Gunna move it to checker
-  def run_checks(scenarios, facts, state) do
+  # TODO: Now, auth requests have a `fetcher`. We need to do the following:
+  # Going in *descending order of relationship path length*, take each request
+  # If it is `bypass_strict_access?`, fetch its data if necessary, and rerun auth.`
+  # Store that data in state, so we can see that we've already fetched it later.
+  # If not, move on and do the same for the rest of the relationships
+  # If there aree no facts left to check for bypass_strict_checks, and `strict_access?` (the overall flag)
+  # is true, then we return a forbidden error.
+  # If it is not, we do the same process as above where we go in descending order of path length
+  # except we run all fetchers, regardless of `bypass_strict_access?`, checking auth in between each one,
+  # and iteratively fetching facts, that kind of thing.
+  #
+  #
+  # In retrospect, this could perhaps be done by calling `run_checks` repeatedly, until it returns `{:require, blah}`
+  # and if we are in strict mode, then we bail. It will run fetchers for anything with `bypass_strict_access?` if
+  # it needs/wants to. THis is a better solution.`
+
+  def run_checks(scenarios, user, requests, facts, state, strict_access?) do
+    all_checkable_clauses = all_checkable_clauses_from_scenarios(scenarios, facts)
+
+    case clauses_checkable_without_fetching_data(all_checkable_clauses, requests, state) do
+      {[], []} ->
+        :all_scenarios_known
+
+      {[], _clauses_requiring_fetch} ->
+        case fetch_requests(requests, state, strict_access?) do
+          {:ok, new_state} ->
+            run_checks(scenarios, user, requests, facts, new_state, strict_access?)
+
+          :all_scenarios_known ->
+            :all_scenarios_known
+
+          {:error, error} ->
+            {:error, error}
+        end
+
+      {clauses, _} ->
+        # TODO: We could limit/smartly choose the checks that we prepare and run here as an optimization
+        case prepare_checks(clauses, state) do
+          {:ok, new_state} ->
+            do_run_checks(clauses, user, requests, facts, new_state, strict_access?)
+
+          {:error, error} ->
+            {:error, error}
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # TODO: We could be smart here, and maybe fetch multiple requests
+  defp fetch_requests(requests, state, strict_access?) do
+    unfetched_requests =
+      Enum.reject(requests, fn request ->
+        Request.fetched?(state, request)
+      end)
+
+    requests_without_strict_access =
+      if strict_access? do
+        Enum.filter(unfetched_requests, fn request ->
+          request.bypass_strict_access?
+        end)
+      else
+        unfetched_requests
+      end
+
+    # We want to do these requests first regardless,
+    # as they would generally be more efficient checks
+    requests_without_strict_access
+    |> Enum.sort_by(fn request ->
+      {Enum.count(request.relationship), not request.bypass_strict_access?, request.relationship}
+    end)
+    |> Enum.at(0)
+    |> case do
+      nil ->
+        :all_scenarios_known
+
+      request ->
+        case request.fetcher.() do
+          {:ok, value} ->
+            {:ok, Request.put_request_state(state, request, value)}
+
+          {:error, error} ->
+            {:error, error}
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp do_run_checks(clauses, user, requests, facts, state, strict_access?) do
+    Enum.reduce_while(clauses, {:ok, facts, state}, fn clause, {:ok, facts, state} ->
+      request =
+        requests
+        # This puts all requests with `bypass_strict_access?` in the front
+        # because if we can we want to find one of those first for the check below
+        |> Enum.sort_by(fn request ->
+          not request.bypass_strict_access?
+        end)
+        |> Enum.find(fn request ->
+          Request.contains_clause?(request, clause)
+        end) || raise "Internal assumption failed"
+
+      {:ok, request_state} = Request.fetch_request_state(state, request)
+      request_state = List.wrap(request_state)
+
+      check_module = clause.check_module
+      check_opts = clause.check_opts
+
+      cond do
+        request_state == [] and strict_access? and !request.bypass_strict_access? ->
+          {:ok, Map.put(facts, clause, :unknowable), state}
+
+        request_state == [] ->
+          {:ok, Map.put(facts, clause, :irrelevant), state}
+
+        true ->
+          # TODO: Determine whether or not checks need the ability to generate additional state.
+          # If they do, we need to store that additional check state in `state` and pass it in here
+          case check_module.check(user, request_state, %{}, check_opts) do
+            {:error, error} ->
+              {:halt, {:error, error}}
+
+            {:ok, check_result} ->
+              {:cont,
+               {:ok, add_check_results_to_facts(clause, check_result, request_state, facts),
+                state}}
+          end
+      end
+    end)
+  end
+
+  defp clauses_checkable_without_fetching_data([], _, _), do: {[], []}
+
+  defp clauses_checkable_without_fetching_data(clauses, requests, state) do
+    Enum.split_with(clauses, fn clause ->
+      Enum.any?(requests, fn request ->
+        Request.fetched?(state, request) && Request.contains_clause?(request, clause)
+      end)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  defp all_checkable_clauses_from_scenarios(scenarios, facts) do
     scenarios
     |> Enum.flat_map(fn scenario ->
       scenario
       |> Map.drop([true, false])
-      |> Enum.map(fn {clause, _value} ->
-        clause
-      end)
+      |> Enum.map(&elem(&1, 0))
     end)
-    |> Enum.uniq()
-    |> choose_checks_to_run(facts, state)
-    |> case do
-      [] ->
-        :all_scenarios_known
+    |> Enum.reject(fn clause ->
+      Map.has_key?(facts, clause)
+    end)
+  end
 
-      clauses ->
-        clauses
-        |> prepare_checks(state)
-        |> do_run_checks(facts)
+  # Check returning `{:ok, true}` means all records are authorized
+  # while `{:ok, false}` means all records are not
+  defp add_check_results_to_facts(clause, boolean, _data, facts) when is_boolean(boolean) do
+    Map.put(facts, clause, boolean)
+  end
+
+  defp add_check_results_to_facts(clause, [], _data, facts), do: Map.put(facts, clause, false)
+
+  defp add_check_results_to_facts(clause, [%resource{} | _] = records, data, facts) do
+    pkey = Ash.primary_key(resource)
+    record_pkeys = Enum.map(records, &Map.take(&1, pkey))
+
+    case Enum.split_with(data, fn record ->
+           Map.take(record, pkey) in record_pkeys
+         end) do
+      {[], _} ->
+        Map.put(facts, clause, false)
+
+      {_, []} ->
+        Map.put(facts, clause, false)
+
+      {true_data, false_data} ->
+        facts = set_records_to(true_data, facts, clause, true, pkey)
+
+        set_records_to(false_data, facts, clause, false, pkey)
     end
   end
 
-  defp do_run_checks({clauses, %{data: data, user: user} = state}, facts) do
-    Enum.reduce_while(clauses, {:ok, facts, state}, fn clause, {:ok, facts, state} ->
-      mod = clause.check_module
-      opts = clause.check_opts
+  defp set_records_to(data, facts, clause, value, pkey) do
+    Enum.reduce(data, facts, fn record, facts ->
+      pkey_clause = %{clause | pkey: Map.take(record, pkey)}
 
-      case mod.check(user, data, %{}, opts) do
-        {:error, error} ->
-          {:halt, {:error, error}}
-
-        {:ok, []} ->
-          {:cont, {:ok, Map.put(facts, clause, false), state}}
-
-        {:ok, true} ->
-          facts = Map.put(facts, clause, false)
-          {:cont, {:ok, facts, state}}
-
-        {:ok, false} ->
-          facts = Map.put(facts, clause, false)
-          {:cont, {:ok, facts, state}}
-
-        {:ok, [%resource{} | _] = records} ->
-          # TODO: Yet another thing that requires a primary key,
-          # figure it out
-          pkey = Ash.primary_key(resource)
-          record_pkeys = Enum.map(records, &Map.take(&1, pkey))
-
-          data
-          |> Enum.split_with(fn record ->
-            Map.take(record, pkey) in record_pkeys
-          end)
-          |> case do
-            {[], _} ->
-              facts = Map.put(facts, clause, false)
-              {:cont, {:ok, facts, state}}
-
-            {_, []} ->
-              facts = Map.put(facts, clause, false)
-              {:cont, {:ok, facts, state}}
-
-            {true_data, false_data} ->
-              facts = set_records_to(true_data, facts, clause, true, pkey)
-
-              facts = set_records_to(false_data, facts, clause, false, pkey)
-
-              {:cont, {:ok, facts, state}}
-          end
-      end
-    end)
-  end
-
-  defp set_records_to(records, facts, clause, value, pkey) do
-    Enum.reduce(records, facts, fn record, facts ->
-      pkey_value = Map.take(record, pkey)
-
-      Map.put(facts, %{clause | pkey: pkey_value}, value)
+      facts
+      |> Map.put(pkey_clause, value)
     end)
   end
 
   defp prepare_checks(clauses, state) do
-    Enum.reduce(clauses, {[], state}, fn
-      %{relationship: [], check_module: mod, check_opts: opts} = clause, {clauses, state} ->
+    Enum.reduce_while(clauses, {:ok, state}, fn
+      %{relationship: [], check_module: mod, check_opts: opts}, {:ok, state} ->
         case mod.prepare(opts) do
-          [] -> {[clause | clauses], state}
-          _ -> raise "No preparations supported yet!"
+          [] -> {:cont, {:ok, state}}
+          _ -> {:halt, {:error, "No preparations supported yet!"}}
         end
 
       _check, {_checks, _state} ->
-        raise "Can't prepare/handle checks with a relationship"
+        {:halt, {:error, "Can't prepare/handle checks with a relationship"}}
     end)
   end
 
-  # TODO: Get smart here
-  defp choose_checks_to_run([], _, _), do: []
-
-  defp choose_checks_to_run(checks, facts, _) do
-    checks
-    |> Enum.reject(fn check ->
-      Clause.find(facts, check) != :error
-    end)
-    |> case do
-      [] ->
-        []
-
-      checks ->
-        [List.first(checks)]
-    end
-  end
-
-  defp do_strict_check({module, opts}, user, request) do
+  defp do_strict_check(%{check_module: module, check_opts: opts}, user, request, strict_access?) do
     case module.strict_check(user, request, opts) do
       {:ok, boolean} when is_boolean(boolean) ->
         boolean
 
       {:ok, :unknown} ->
         cond do
-          request.strict_access? ->
+          strict_access? ->
             # This means "we needed a fact that we have no way of getting"
             # Because the fact was needed in the `strict_check` step
             :unknowable
diff --git a/lib/ash/authorization/request.ex b/lib/ash/authorization/request.ex
index 6e239556..0b0fc69a 100644
--- a/lib/ash/authorization/request.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/authorization/request.ex
@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Request do
     :authorization_steps,
     :filter,
     :action_type,
+    :bypass_strict_access?,
     :relationship,
-    :strict_access?,
-    :source
+    :fetcher,
+    :source,
+    :must_fetch?,
+    :state_key
   ]
 
   @type t :: %__MODULE__{
@@ -14,17 +17,51 @@ defmodule Ash.Authorization.Request do
           resource: Ash.resource(),
           authorization_steps: list(term),
           filter: Ash.Filter.t(),
+          # TODO: fetcher is a function
+          fetcher: term,
           relationship: list(atom),
-          strict_access?: boolean,
-          source: String.t()
+          bypass_strict_access?: boolean,
+          source: String.t(),
+          must_fetch?: boolean,
+          state_key: term
         }
 
   def new(opts) do
     opts =
       opts
       |> Keyword.put_new(:relationship, [])
-      |> Keyword.put_new(:strict_access?, true)
+      |> Keyword.put_new(:authorization_steps, [])
+      |> Keyword.put_new(:bypass_strict_access?, false)
+      |> Keyword.update!(:authorization_steps, fn steps ->
+        Enum.map(steps, fn {step, fact} ->
+          {step, Ash.Authorization.Clause.new(opts[:relationship] || [], opts[:resource], fact)}
+        end)
+      end)
 
     struct!(__MODULE__, opts)
   end
+
+  def contains_clause?(request, clause) do
+    Enum.any?(request.authorization_steps, fn {_step, request_clause} ->
+      clause == request_clause
+    end)
+  end
+
+  def fetched?(state, request) do
+    case fetch_request_state(state, request) do
+      {:ok, _} -> true
+      :error -> false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def put_request_state(state, %{state_key: state_key} = request, value) do
+    state_key = state_key || request
+    Map.put(state, state_key, value)
+  end
+
+  def fetch_request_state(state, %{state_key: state_key} = request) do
+    state_key = state_key || request
+
+    Map.fetch(state, state_key)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/lib/ash/authorization/sat_solver.ex b/lib/ash/authorization/sat_solver.ex
index 279833cc..1d9ca314 100644
--- a/lib/ash/authorization/sat_solver.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/authorization/sat_solver.ex
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 defmodule Ash.Authorization.SatSolver do
   alias Ash.Authorization.Clause
 
-  def solve(sets_of_authorization_steps, facts, negations, ids) when is_nil(ids) do
-    sets_of_authorization_steps
+  def solve(requests, facts, negations, ids) when is_nil(ids) do
+    requests
+    |> Enum.map(&Map.get(&1, :authorization_steps))
     |> build_requirements_expression(facts, nil)
     |> add_negations_and_solve(negations)
   end
 
-  def solve(sets_of_authorization_steps, facts, negations, ids) do
+  def solve(requests, facts, negations, ids) do
+    sets_of_authorization_steps = Enum.map(requests, &Map.get(&1, :authorization_steps))
+
     ids
     |> Enum.reduce(nil, fn id, expr ->
       requirements_expression =
diff --git a/lib/ash/error/forbidden.ex b/lib/ash/error/forbidden.ex
index 5aa4ca41..d5574541 100644
--- a/lib/ash/error/forbidden.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/error/forbidden.ex
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ defmodule Ash.Error.Forbidden do
   defexception [
     :resource,
     :scenarios,
-    :authorization_steps,
+    :requests,
     :facts,
     :strict_check_facts,
     :state,
+    :strict_access?,
     no_steps_configured?: false
   ]
 
   # TODO: Use better logic to format this
+  # TODO: Remove reliance on "this_record" description
 
   alias Ash.Authorization.Clause
 
-  # TODO: Put `resource` in the pkey info so that we can display what kind of record it is
-
   def message(%{no_steps_configured?: true}) do
     "One of the authorizations required had no authorization steps configured."
   end
@@ -27,18 +27,21 @@ defmodule Ash.Error.Forbidden do
     explained_steps =
       case error.state do
         %{data: data} ->
-          explain_steps_with_data(error.authorization_steps, error.facts, data)
+          explain_steps_with_data(error.requests, error.facts, data)
 
         _ ->
-          explain_steps(error.authorization_steps, error.facts)
+          if error.strict_access? do
+            "\n\nAuthorization run with `strict_access?: true`. This is the only safe way to authorize requests for lists of filtered data.\n" <>
+              "Some checks may still fetch data from the database, like filters on related data when their primary key was given.\n" <>
+              explain_steps(error.requests, error.facts)
+          else
+            explain_steps(error.requests, error.facts)
+          end
       end
 
     explained_facts = explain_facts(error.facts, error.strict_check_facts || %{})
 
-    main_message =
-      header <>
-        "Facts Gathered\n" <>
-        indent(explained_facts) <> "\n\nAuthorization Steps:\n" <> indent(explained_steps)
+    main_message = header <> "Facts Gathered\n" <> indent(explained_facts) <> explained_steps
 
     main_message <> "\n\nScenarios:\n" <> indent(explain_scenarios(error.scenarios))
   end
@@ -57,61 +60,70 @@ defmodule Ash.Error.Forbidden do
     """
   end
 
-  defp explain_steps_with_data(sets_of_authorization_steps, facts, data) do
-    sets_of_authorization_steps
-    |> Enum.map_join("\n---\n", fn [{_, %{relationship: relationship, resource: resource}} | _] =
-                                     steps ->
-      title =
-        if relationship == [] do
-          inspect(resource)
-        else
-          # Enum.join(relationship, ".") <> " - #{inspect(resource)}"
-          raise "Ack, can't do relationships now!"
-        end
+  defp explain_steps_with_data(requests, facts, data) do
+    title = "\n\nAuthorization Steps:\n\n"
 
-      authorization_steps_legend =
-        steps
-        |> Enum.with_index()
-        |> Enum.map_join("\n", fn {{step, check}, index} ->
-          "#{index + 1}| " <>
-            to_string(step) <> ": " <> check.check_module.describe(check.check_opts)
-        end)
+    contents =
+      requests
+      |> Enum.map_join("\n---\n", fn request ->
+        relationship = request.relationship
+        resource = request.resource
 
-      pkey = Ash.primary_key(resource)
+        inner_title =
+          if relationship == [] do
+            request.source <> " -> " <> inspect(resource) <> ": "
+          else
+            # Enum.join(relationship, ".") <> " - #{inspect(resource)}"
+            raise "Ack, can't do relationships now!"
+          end
 
-      # TODO: data has to change with relationships
-      data_info =
-        data
-        |> Enum.map(fn item ->
-          formatted =
-            item
-            |> Map.take(pkey)
-            |> format_pkey()
+        authorization_steps_legend =
+          request.authorization_steps
+          |> Enum.with_index()
+          |> Enum.map_join("\n", fn {{step, check}, index} ->
+            "#{index + 1}| " <>
+              to_string(step) <> ": " <> check.check_module.describe(check.check_opts)
+          end)
 
-          {formatted, Map.take(item, pkey)}
-        end)
-        |> add_header_line(title)
-        |> pad()
-        |> add_step_info(steps, facts)
+        pkey = Ash.primary_key(resource)
 
-      authorization_steps_legend <> "\n\n" <> data_info <> "\n"
-    end)
+        # TODO: data has to change with relationships
+        data_info =
+          data
+          |> Enum.map(fn item ->
+            formatted =
+              item
+              |> Map.take(pkey)
+              |> format_pkey()
+
+            {formatted, Map.take(item, pkey)}
+          end)
+          |> add_header_line(indent("Record"))
+          |> pad()
+          |> add_step_info(request.authorization_steps, facts)
+
+        inner_title <> ":\n" <> indent(authorization_steps_legend <> "\n\n" <> data_info <> "\n")
+      end)
+
+    title <> indent(contents)
   end
 
   defp add_step_info([header | rest], steps, facts) do
     key = Enum.join(1..Enum.count(steps), "|")
 
     header <>
-      "|" <>
-      key <>
-      "|\n" <>
-      do_add_step_info(rest, steps, facts)
+      indent(
+        " |" <>
+          key <>
+          "|\n" <>
+          do_add_step_info(rest, steps, facts)
+      )
   end
 
   defp do_add_step_info(pkeys, steps, facts) do
     Enum.map_join(pkeys, "\n", fn {pkey_line, pkey} ->
       steps
-      |> Enum.reduce({true, pkey_line}, fn
+      |> Enum.reduce({true, pkey_line <> " "}, fn
         {_step, _clause}, {false, string} ->
           {false, string <> "|~"}
 
@@ -183,29 +195,39 @@ defmodule Ash.Error.Forbidden do
       title = format_pkey(pkey) <> " facts"
 
       contents =
-        Enum.map_join(clauses_and_statuses, fn {clause, status} ->
-          gets_star? =
-            Clause.find(strict_check_facts, clause) in [
-              {:ok, true},
-              {:ok, false}
-            ]
+        clauses_and_statuses
+        |> Enum.group_by(fn {clause, _} ->
+          clause.relationship
+        end)
+        |> Enum.sort_by(fn {relationship, _} ->
+          {Enum.count(relationship), relationship}
+        end)
+        |> Enum.map_join("\n", fn {relationship, clauses_and_statuses} ->
+          contents =
+            Enum.map_join(clauses_and_statuses, "\n", fn {clause, status} ->
+              gets_star? =
+                Clause.find(strict_check_facts, clause) in [
+                  {:ok, true},
+                  {:ok, false}
+                ]
 
-          star =
-            if gets_star? do
-              " ⭑"
-            else
-              ""
-            end
+              star =
+                if gets_star? do
+                  " ⭑"
+                else
+                  ""
+                end
 
-          relationship = clause.relationship
-          mod = clause.check_module
-          opts = clause.check_opts
+              mod = clause.check_module
+              opts = clause.check_opts
 
-          if clause.relationship == [] do
-            status_to_mark(status) <> " " <> mod.describe(opts) <> star
+              status_to_mark(status) <> " " <> mod.describe(opts) <> star
+            end)
+
+          if relationship == [] do
+            contents
           else
-            status_to_mark(status) <>
-              " " <> Enum.join(relationship, ".") <> " " <> mod.describe(opts) <> star
+            "Related " <> Enum.join(relationship) <> ":\n" <> indent(contents)
           end
         end)
 
@@ -235,37 +257,52 @@ defmodule Ash.Error.Forbidden do
     |> Enum.join("\n")
   end
 
-  defp explain_steps(sets_of_authorization_steps, facts) do
-    Enum.map_join(sets_of_authorization_steps, "---", fn authorization_steps ->
-      authorization_steps
-      |> Enum.map(fn {step, clause} ->
-        status =
-          case Clause.find(facts, clause) do
-            {:ok, value} -> value
-            _ -> nil
-          end
+  defp explain_steps(requests, facts) do
+    title = "\n\nAuthorization Steps:\n"
 
-        status_mark = status_to_mark(status)
+    contents =
+      Enum.map_join(requests, "\n------\n", fn request ->
+        title = request.source
 
-        mark = status_mark <> " " <> step_to_mark(step, status)
+        contents =
+          request.authorization_steps
+          |> Enum.sort_by(fn {_step, clause} ->
+            {Enum.count(clause.relationship), clause.relationship}
+          end)
+          |> Enum.map(fn {step, clause} ->
+            status =
+              case Clause.find(facts, clause) do
+                {:ok, value} -> value
+                _ -> nil
+              end
 
-        mod = clause.check_module
-        opts = clause.check_opts
-        relationship = clause.relationship
+            mark =
+              case {status_to_mark(status), step_to_mark(step, status)} do
+                {"?", "↓"} -> "?  "
+                {status_mark, step_mark} -> status_mark <> " " <> step_mark
+              end
 
-        if relationship == [] do
-          mark <>
-            " | " <> to_string(step) <> ": " <> mod.describe(opts)
-        else
-          mark <>
-            " | " <>
-            to_string(step) <>
-            ": #{Enum.join(relationship, ".")} " <>
-            mod.describe(opts)
-        end
+            mod = clause.check_module
+            opts = clause.check_opts
+            relationship = clause.relationship
+
+            if relationship == [] do
+              mark <>
+                " | " <> to_string(step) <> ": " <> mod.describe(opts)
+            else
+              mark <>
+                " | " <>
+                to_string(step) <>
+                ": #{Enum.join(relationship, ".")}: " <>
+                mod.describe(opts)
+            end
+          end)
+          |> Enum.join("\n")
+
+        title <> ":\n" <> indent(contents)
       end)
-      |> Enum.join("\n")
-    end)
+
+    title <> indent(contents)
   end
 
   defp step_to_mark(:authorize_if, true), do: "✓"
diff --git a/lib/ash/filter/filter.ex b/lib/ash/filter/filter.ex
index ae999b54..fab7b771 100644
--- a/lib/ash/filter/filter.ex
+++ b/lib/ash/filter/filter.ex
@@ -32,27 +32,54 @@ defmodule Ash.Filter do
     or: Ash.Filter.Or
   }
 
-  @spec parse(Ash.resource(), Keyword.t(), relationship_path :: list(atom)) :: t()
+  @spec parse(
+          Ash.resource(),
+          Keyword.t(),
+          relationship_path :: list(atom)
+        ) :: t()
   def parse(resource, filter, path \\ []) do
-    authorization_steps = Ash.primary_action(resource, :read).authorization_steps
-
     parsed_filter =
       filter
       |> do_parse(%Ash.Filter{resource: resource, path: path})
       |> lift_ors()
       |> add_not_filter_info()
 
-    add_authorization(
-      parsed_filter,
-      Ash.Authorization.Request.new(
-        resource: resource,
-        authorization_steps: authorization_steps,
-        filter: parsed_filter,
-        action_type: :read,
-        relationship: path,
-        source: "#{Enum.join(path, ".")} filter"
+    source =
+      case path do
+        [] -> "filter"
+        path -> "related #{Enum.join(path, ".")} filter"
+      end
+
+    if path == [] do
+      parsed_filter
+    else
+      authorization_request =
+        Ash.Authorization.Request.new(
+          resource: resource,
+          authorization_steps: Ash.primary_action(resource, :read).authorization_steps,
+          filter: parsed_filter,
+          fetcher: fn ->
+            query = Ash.DataLayer.resource_to_query(resource)
+
+            case Ash.DataLayer.filter(query, parsed_filter, resource) do
+              {:ok, filtered_query} ->
+                Ash.DataLayer.run_query(filtered_query, resource)
+
+              {:error, error} ->
+                {:error, error}
+            end
+          end,
+          action_type: :read,
+          bypass_strict_access?: bypass_strict_access?(parsed_filter),
+          relationship: path,
+          source: source
+        )
+
+      add_authorization(
+        parsed_filter,
+        authorization_request
       )
-    )
+    end
   end
 
   @doc """
@@ -82,6 +109,45 @@ defmodule Ash.Filter do
     attributes_contained? or relationships_contained?
   end
 
+  defp bypass_strict_access?(%{ors: ors, not: not_filter} = filter) when is_nil(not_filter) do
+    pkey_fields = Ash.primary_key(filter.resource)
+
+    Enum.all?(pkey_fields, &is_filtering_on_known_value_for_attribute(filter, &1)) &&
+      Enum.all?(ors || [], fn filter ->
+        Enum.all?(pkey_fields, &is_filtering_on_known_value_for_attribute(filter, &1))
+      end)
+  end
+
+  defp bypass_strict_access?(_), do: false
+
+  defp is_filtering_on_known_value_for_attribute(filter, field) do
+    case Map.fetch(filter.attributes, field) do
+      {:ok, attribute_filter} ->
+        known_value_filter?(attribute_filter)
+
+      :error ->
+        false
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp known_value_filter?(%Ash.Filter.And{left: left, right: right}) do
+    known_value_filter?(left) or known_value_filter?(right)
+  end
+
+  defp known_value_filter?(%Ash.Filter.Or{left: left, right: right}) do
+    known_value_filter?(left) and known_value_filter?(right)
+  end
+
+  defp known_value_filter?(%Ash.Filter.In{values: values}) when values != [] do
+    true
+  end
+
+  defp known_value_filter?(%Ash.Filter.Eq{value: value}) when not is_nil(value) do
+    true
+  end
+
+  defp known_value_filter?(_), do: false
+
   defp contains_relationship?(filter, relationship, candidate_relationship_filter) do
     case filter.relationships do
       %{^relationship => relationship_filter} ->
diff --git a/test/authorization/read_authorization_test.exs b/test/authorization/read_authorization_test.exs
index 59fd2c1e..9923f2d5 100644
--- a/test/authorization/read_authorization_test.exs
+++ b/test/authorization/read_authorization_test.exs
@@ -204,6 +204,22 @@ defmodule Ash.Test.Authorization.ReadAuthorizationTest do
     Api.create!(Author, attributes: %{name: "foo", fired: false, self_manager: false})
     user = Api.create!(User, attributes: %{manager: false, id: author.id})
 
-    Api.read!(Author, authorization: [user: user, strict_access?: false])
+    assert_raise Ash.Error.Forbidden, ~r/forbidden/, fn ->
+      Api.read!(Author, authorization: [user: user, strict_access?: false])
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "it handles authorizing destination records properly" do
+    author = Api.create!(Author, attributes: %{name: "foo", fired: false, self_manager: true})
+
+    other_author =
+      Api.create!(Author, attributes: %{name: "foo", fired: false, self_manager: false})
+
+    user = Api.create!(User, attributes: %{manager: false, id: author.id})
+
+    Api.read!(Post,
+      filter: [authors: [id: other_author.id]],
+      authorization: [user: user, strict_access?: false]
+    )
   end
 end